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China x AI Reference List

You can view a Google doc version of this reference list here.

Introduction

Background

  • There are several China-focused AI reading lists / curricula out there (e.g.: AI governance & China: Reading list (2023), FHI Syllabus (2020), (Basic) Chinese AI Regulation Reading List (2023))
    • They are either relatively brief or somewhat outdated, so this reading list aims to provide a more comprehensive set of key resources when it comes to learning about China, AI safety and policy
    • We incorporated readings from these reading lists where it felt relevant
  • This list is based off a community-generated set of readings that were used for a 6-week AI and China discussion group run by the China & Global Priorities Group in 2023

Structure

  • This is designed as a longlist that can act as a starting point for folks looking to dive deeper into a given topic - it is not a snapshot of the 3 most important readings per topic area
  • The entire reading list is broken down into key themes
    • Domestic AI Governance
    • International AI Governance
    • Key actors and their views on AI risks
    • AI Inputs
    • Resources to follow
  • We have added in commentary where felt it would be useful to do so (e.g., we were made aware of potential factual inaccuracies or biased views)
  • Within sections, sources are arranged roughly in order of relevance, not chronology. Sources earlier in a section are more foundational, while later ones are either primary sources that require more context to analyze or older reports/analysis. Sometimes we put related readings next to each other.

Ways to get involved

  • Feel free to suggest additional readings using this form - we’re doing some amount of vetting to prevent the list from ballooning out of control
  • Join the China & Global Priorities Group if you want to be notified about further discussion groups / activities

Caveats around sources and structures

  • Epistemic status:
    • This resource list was put together in a voluntary capacity by a group of non-Chinese folks with backgrounds in China Studies and professional work experience on China- and/or AI-related issues.
    • We spent several hours on resource collection and sense-checked items based on their style, content and methodology. We do not necessarily endorse all of these works as “very good,” but did exclude stuff where we could see that it is obviously low quality.
    • There are many sub-topics where we struggled to find very high-quality material but we still included some publications to give interested readers a start.
  • We expect that most of our audience will not be able to read Chinese easily or fluently, and as such we have provided many English sources. However, it’s important to remember that gaining a deep and concrete understanding of this space is really hard even with Chinese language skills and lived experience in China, so readers without those skills and experiences should be cautious about forming very strong views based on the select few sources that are included here.
  • Machine translation is useful but imperfect in many ways.
  • China is not a monolith; sources you read that claim that ‘China does X’ should be treated with caution. Different actors within China have different aims and while it’s true that the party-state has immense power, even the party-state itself is not one thing, but a collection of various entities and of people with their own specific desires and plans.
  • If you are looking to do further research in this space, then treat this list as a starting point for further exploration.
  • For further reading on methodological considerations of doing analysis related to China, you can start with a look at the following links:

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Oliver Guest, Jason Zhou, and Jeffrey Ding for their feedback on earlier drafts of this list. We would also like to acknowledge Aris Richardson and Zach Stein-Perlman, whose reading lists we took inspiration from.

Compiled by (in no particular order): Gabriel Wagner, Saad Siddiqui, Sarah G, and Sarah Weiler

Domestic Governance

Chinese policymaking overview

  • How does the Chinese Communist Party operate?, South China Morning Post, 2021 (video)
    • This is really just a very superficial teaser on the basics of the party-state institutions. It does not explain how policy-making and enforcement works in practice. Watch if you know nothing.
  • The US Congressional Research Service has several useful sources on the structure of the party-state
  • Chinese Policymaking Made Easy with Trivium China, China Talk, 2019 (podcast)
  • Fragmented Authoritarianism in Xi's China, Jude Blanchette and Jessica Teets, 2021 (podcast)
    • The “fragmented authoritarianism” model is one of the key heuristics China scholars use to study PRC policy, developed in the 1980s. The podcast explains the concept, and discusses whether it is still useful in today’s China.
  • Infographic: China's New Leaders after the 20th Party Congress, Fairbank Centre for China Studies at Harvard University, James Gethyn Evans and Yuanzhuo Wang, 2022 (7 pages)
    • Gives an overview of the top leaders that were appointed to the Politburo, China’s top decision-making body. The infographic assumes familiarity with key terms and the names of significant political organs of the party-state.
  • Notice and Comment Policymaking in China, Steven J. Balla and Zhoudan (Zoey) Xie, 2021 (5 pages) (longer academic article here)
    • This article mostly focuses on explaining trends in public consultation on legislation in China; but also provides some insight into the PRC’s formal policy-making process (draft → public consultation → revised draft → public consultation → final policy). The longer academic article provides much more details and more nuanced discussion. (paywalled)
  • China's Political System, Sebastian Heilmann, 2016 (book)(Comprehensive notes from an anonymous AI governance researcher)
    • Very systematic overview of China’s political system. Probably not recommended reading from start to finish. The book is quite well organized with a good table of contents and index, making it easy to find relevant parts.
    • Perhaps especially valuable are Chapter 2.1 “Socialist organizational and ideological features” and Chapter 6 “Policy-Making: Processes and Outcomes”

Science and technology policy

Domestic AI policy

Broad approaches

Regulations

Standards

Model evaluations / benchmarks

AI ethics

AI safety funding

We do not know of any systematic analysis of AI safety funding in the PRC. Below are a few government-funded projects we happen to be aware of. They can, at best, serve illustrative purposes.

  • National Natural Science Foundation of China releases application guide, encouraging AI safety research, Concordia, 2023 (section on funding 1 page)
    • “..proposes funding six projects at 500,000 RMB ($70,000) per project, in any of six research directions. Two of those directions are directly relevant to AI safety: “research on value and safety alignment strategy for large models” and “research on automated evaluation methods for generative models.”
    • Note: this is a very small funding stream and it is unclear how important this is overall; we suspect that labs are spending more on AI safety but given the lack of sources, we remain uncertain
  • Notice on the Release of the “Guide to the 2023 Annual Projects for the Major Research Program on Explainable and Generalizable Next-Generation Artificial Intelligence Methods”, CSET, Translation by Kevin Wei, 2023 (14 pages)
    • Lays out 2023 funding priorities in ‘explainable’, ‘generalizable’ AI by NSFC (National Natural Science Foundation of China), one of the PRC’s main government bodies for basic research funding
    • Some directions are related to AI safety (interpretability research), but others are focused on capabilities in specific domains like biotechnology or medicine
    • No funding amount disclosed
  • 会议回顾｜国家科技创新2030——“新一代人工智能”重大项目“可信人工智能立法制度建设研究”启动暨实施方案论证会召开, Renmin Law and Technology Institute, 2023 (3 pages) (archived link)
    • The PRC is currently running 16 “Technological Innovation 2030 – Mega-Projects” (2017–2030). One of them is focused on “next generation AI” (科技创新2030—“新一代人工智能”重大项目)
    • Funding for each mega-project is estimated to be around 50 billion RMB. But the mega projects are relatively opaque, and no official statistics on funding size are published.
    • Institutional set-up and supervision varies significantly from one project to the other (see Barry Naughton 2022, pp. 52–59).
      • China’s domestic Comac C919 aircraft, one of the 2006–2020 mega projects, was set up as a state-owned joint stock corporation.
      • Other “mega projects” are a loose collection of many smaller sub-projects executed by unis, research institutes and companies, supervised by a specific Ministry.
    • We are not aware of any systematic analysis of the AI-focused mega project. But it appears to be supervised by MoST, with new calls (archived link) for sub-project applications published every one or two years.
    • The article describes a kick-off meeting for one of these sub-projects titled “Research on Establishing a Trustworthy AI Legislative System”. It focuses on legal systems for aggregated data governance, algorithm governance, AI safety risk assessment, and more. The project is led by Renmin University and brings together 7 institutions including the China Electronic Technology Standardization Research Institute.
    • The article has detailed information about attendees.

International Governance

Overview

Sino-western AI competition

Race dynamics

‘Gap’ between Chinese and Western AI models

  • Overview
    • The state of AI in different countries, EA Forum, Lizka, 2023, (15 pages)
      • Describes progress that multiple countries including China have made on AI, including comparison points
    • Who is leading in AI? Epoch, Ben Cottier, Tamay Besiroglu, and David Owen, 2023, (10 pages)
      • Discussion includes commentary on the gap between Chinese models and leading Western models
    • 通用大模型的进展与治理报告（2.0出版）, section 2 pp. 26–46, East China University of Political Science and Law, You Tengfei (游腾飞), Du Huan (杜欢), Yang Yuxiao (杨宇霄), Liang Zihan (梁子晗), Fang Hongyu (房虹宇), (王锐骐), Zhang Haomiao (张皓淼), 2023 (21 pages) (archived link)
      • Comparatively outlines the progress that various countries including China have made on AI
      • Project overseen by Gao Qiqi, a contributor on a consensus paper that warned of advanced risks from advanced AI, alongside Yoshua Bengio, Andrew Yao and Geoffrey Hinton
    • Assessing China's importance as an AI superpower, EA Forum, Julian Hazell, 2023, (1 page)
      • Summary of longer blog post assessing China’s AI capabilities, where the author tries to assess China’s importance as a global actor on the path to transformative AI
  • Comparative model evaluations / benchmarks
    • SuperBench, Tsinghua Foundation Model Centre (archived link)
      • A comprehensive benchmark from China’s leading science and technology university across many capability and safety metrics. Includes both leading Chinese and Western models.
    • Putting China’s Top LLMs to the Test, ChinaTalk, Irene Zhang, 2023, (14 pages)
      • Compares Chinese and Western LLMs. Not a rigorous metrics-based evaluation, but just a ‘regular user’ trying out how they perform on a couple of typical prompts.
    • ChinAI #219: Ernie Bot vs. GPT-4, ChinAI, Jeffrey Ding, 2023, (6 pages)
      • Details evaluation of comparative analysis of Ernie Bot and GPT-4 through a series of tests
  • Others

Sino-western AI cooperation

Cooperation can take many forms - including a range of different diplomatic dialogues (official, semi-official etc) to investment and scientific collaboration. It is worth noting that commercial and research collaboration has continued in many forms, but that both forms of exchange and collaboration are coming under increasing scrutiny from different parts of the American government.

Diplomacy / Dialogue

Business / commercial

  • US Moves To Narrowly Limit Investment in China, Skadden, Brian J. Egan, Eytan J. Fisch, Michael E. Leiter, Brooks E. Allen, Jordan Cannon, and Katie Clarke, 2023 (6 pages)
    • Coverage of a late 2023 executive order from the Biden administration that instructs the Committee on Foreign Investment in the US (CFIUS) under the Department of Treasury to create an outbound investment control regime, to look at American investments going into China in sensitive sectors (e..g, semiconductors)
    • This complements existing authority that CFIUS has to look at investments of foreign capital in the US
  • U.S. Outbound Investment into Chinese AI, CSET, Emily S. Weinstein and Ngor Luong, 2023 (68 pages)
    • CSET report that points out that significant American investment into Chinese AI development has taken place

Scientific collaboration

  • AI Index, Anka Reuel, 2023 (55 pages total)
    • Pp. 10–11 of Chapter 1 set US-China AI collaboration in context to other dyads (country-country pairs) of international collaboration on AI
  • Can democracies cooperate with China on AI research?, Brookings, Cameron F. Kerry, Joshua P. Meltzer, and Matt Sheehan, 2023 (4 pages)
    • Outlines recent trends in US-China AI research cooperation, and discusses challenges and concerns vis-a-vis such cooperation (from a US perspective)
    • Recommends a “risk-based” approach to handling research cooperation with China
  • Reset, Prevent, Build: A Strategy to Win America's Economic Competition with the CCP, U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee on the Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party, 2023 (53 pages)
    • A report by a special committee within the American House of Representatives calling on further action to be taken by the U.S. government to win in a competition with China
    • Pp. 33–34 point to restrictions the committee is calling for on fundamental research in sensitive areas for researchers that receive federal funding
  • China and the United States: Unlikely Partners in AI, Stanford Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Edmund L. Andrews, 2022 (2 pages)
    • Coverage of the 2022 AI index, which points to significant scientific collaboration on AI between the US and China, despite rising tensions

Chinese engagement at multilateral fora

China’s own international AI governance initiatives

Key actors and their views on AI risks

Caveat: Besides the scan that Concordia and CSET have done, there are not many comprehensive overviews of key actors. Moreover, the CSET report has some errors that we flag below, which leads us to be less confident in the report’s overall accuracy. Where we are aware of other potentially relevant individuals, we have also included their names, even if we have no clear resources to link to.

Knowledge of and support for AGI

  • "Introduction" in "State of AI Safety in China", pp. 1–3, Concordia, 2023 (3 pages)
  • Beijing Policy Interest in General Artificial Intelligence is Growing, Heide, 2023
    • Argues that Chinese policymakers’ focus shifted from narrow to general AI in early 2023.
    • Just as for the English 'artificial general intelligence’, there are multiple interpretations of the Chinese term 通用人工智能. So there is still plenty of ambiguity on what the Politburo meant with the term, which is only partly acknowledged in this piece.
    • This is an opinion piece that gestures towards a potential trend, based on high-level reasoning, rather than rigorous evaluation
  • China's Advanced AI Research, CSET, William Hannas, Huey-Meei Chang, Daniel Chou, Brian Fleegeras, 2022 (78 pages)
    • This is a fairly comprehensive report but there are several factual and framing issues that have been identified since its release that are relevant for any reader to consider
    • The report implies that China is looking to develop AGI to achieve a decisive advantage over its rivals due to the self-improving nature of AGI; a closer reading of the quoted policies suggests a more commercial implication that this is linked more closely to ensuring Chinese firms have larger market share in new technological industries
    • This report (and a wide range of other materials) imply that there is unified Chinese action on AI/AGI. However, there are a range of relevant government and non-government actors involved, and arguing that ‘China wants X’ with any strong degree of confidence is quite fraught
    • The report also inaccurately characterizes the types of research being pursued at particular large AI labs in China

AI scientists / key academics

  • Chinese Perspectives on AI, Concordia AI (interactive webpage)
    • Database of translations of key Chinese AI safety scientists’ views on AI risk and safety (currently about ~1 article for each of the 10 authors on their website)
  • "Expert Views" in "State of AI Safety in China", pp. 43-60 Concordia AI, 2023 (17 pages)
  • "Technical Safety Developments" in "State of AI Safety in China", pp. 34–42, Concordia AI, 2023 (18 pages)
  • AI Alignment: A Comprehensive Survey, Jiaming Ji et. al, 2023 (98 pages total)
    • A wide-ranging bilingual survey of many directions written by a broad range of Chinese authors, focused on AI alignment research (not specifically within China)
    • Further resources linked to the paper available here
  • 安远AI受邀参与“人工智能立法之开源发展与法律规制”会议, Concordia AI, 2024 (9 pages) (archived link)
    • Contains a summary of a roundtable meeting between various academics on the topic of open source models and the draft AI law
    • This conference was organized by Tsinghua University’s School of Public Policy and Management and was attended by academics from various universities and disciplines, a representative from Concordia, compliance officers and lawyers, as well as a member of an ISO standard setting technical committee
    • Participants had a wide range of views on how much AI regulation was required and whether and in what way open source models are risky. Several attendees drew attention to the security risks posed by open source models

Industry

  • Recent Trends in China's LLM Landscape, Centre for the Governance of AI, Jenny Xiao and Jeffrey Ding, 2023 (14 pages)
    • Points to trends in Chinese LLM model landscape, including some commentary about industry perception of different factors of AI development
  • "Lab Self-Governance" in "State of AI Safety in China", pp. 61–73 Concordia AI, 2023 (13 pages)
  • Tencent Research Institute releases Large Model Security & Ethics Report, ChinAI, Jeffrey Ding, 2024 (3 pages, full translation 23 pages)
    • Tencent report on large model security and ethics, covering 1) LLM development trends, 2) opportunities and challenges in LLM security, 3) LLM security frameworks, 4) best practices for large model security, and 5) large model value alignment progress and trends
    • The report gives insight into the types of assessments Chinese AI labs are implementing to comply with generative AI regulations.
  • AI Safety in China #10, Concordia AI, 2024 (10 pages)
    • This issue covers meetings held by China’s AI industry association, which include working groups on value alignment, policy and law, and security and governance. The policy and law working group meeting covered here focused on AGI risks.

Military

Public opinion

AI Inputs

Here we try to provide more varied sources linked to the different inputs of AI models. Some sources will be repeated. For three of the sections (Algorithms, Capital and Talent), we only did a cursory survey of the literature; the pieces in these sections are thus just a snapshot and it is quite likely that relevant publications have been overlooked.

Algorithms

For lack of time, we only did a cursory survey of the literature. The pieces in the section are thus just a snapshot and it is quite likely that relevant publications have been overlooked.

  • 互联网信息服务算法备案系统, CAC (interactive government portal)
    • The portal where the Chinese government shares information about the algorithm registry. There is some detail about which companies have been registered, alongside brief descriptions of the algorithms. (From an initial scan this include both deep synthesis and other algorithms)
    • Recent releases of the registry include several AI companies (as far as one can tell from their names)
    • You can find a compiled list of application results for post-2023 ‘deep synthesis’ algorithms here
  • Relevant domestic regulations

Compute

Semiconductors

Overview

  • Introduction to AI chip making in China, Institute for AI Policy and Strategy, Erich Grunewald and Christopher Phenicie, 2023 (41 pages total)
    • A good basic overview of the importance of semiconductors to AI with some details about China’s role.
    • The majority of the report sets global context for specific parts of the semiconductor supply chain, with Chinese gaps vis-a-vis the West highlighted for each part of the supply chain.
    • Key gaps specified p.15-22; details about export controls covered p.23-24; forecasting questions about Chinese chip-making linked in p.26-27
  • China’s New Strategy for Waging the Microchip Tech War, CSIS, Gregory C. Allen, 2023 (21 pages total)
    • Slightly dated as it doesn’t account for responses since the more restrictive 2023 export control updates; but a decent CSIS Report on China’s overall responses to the 2022 export controls. Includes context on Chinese state support for the chip industry
  • 半导体产业政策梳理与分析：集成电路政策力度有望加大, CITIC Securities, 2023 (19 pages) (archived link)
    • A detailed overview of the history of semiconductor policy in China, including a breakdown of gaps by specific parts of the supply chain and key priorities for key local governments
  • Measuring China’s Technological Self-Reliance Drive, China Leadership Monitor, Jeffrey Ding, 2023 (10 pages)
    • Chinese policy-making is driven by metrics, including quantitative targets for domestic substitution in semiconductors. The article problematizes/disentangles what these metrics mean.

Chinese semiconductor policy

  • Chip Subsidy Flows – Comparing China and the U.S., Arrian Ebrahimi and Jiong Feng, 2023 (9 pages)
    • Lays out Chinese semiconductor subsidies from local and central government, and contrasts them to the US CHIPS Act.
    • Does not discuss the role of Chinese SOEs, which form a significant part of the Chinese semiconductor industry.
    • Has a section on China’s ‘Big Fund’, but fails to mention its major corruption scandal.
  • “Chip Promotion Law” Proposal at the China People’s Political Consultative Conference, Chip Capitols, Arrian Ebrahimi, 2023 (9 pages total)
    • Introduces a proposal made at China’s largest legislative meeting in 2023 to streamline national policy on semiconductors.
    • Note that this is just a suggestion by an expert, but not an existing policy.
    • This was a proposal made to the China People’s Political Consultative Conference, a national advisory body whose proposals are considered but are not legally binding. There are thousands such proposals made every year about all kinds of policy areas, the majority of which do not directly lead to major policy change.
  • Chinese Semiconductor Industrial Policy: Past and Present, United States International Trade Commission Journal of International Commerce and Economics, John VerWey, 2019 (29 pages)
    • Comprehensive background to understand the PRC’s semiconductor industrial policy (going back to 1950, focusing on more recent years)
    • Not an up-to-date picture of current semiconductor policy, but useful as a complement (& informative backdrop) to more recent commentary

US export controls

There are quite a few articles linked here, in essence track the changing views on how well export controls have been able to actually impact Chinese chipmaking capacity. It is important to note that experts seem to disagree about how much of a lag one should expect to see between the introduction of these export controls and their actual impact on Chinese chipmaking, given that Chinese companies have some reserves of now-restricted chips, amongst other reasons.

Policy overview

Impact and China’s efforts to deal with the export controls

International dynamics (esp. US-China relations)

Data centers

Data

Capital

For lack of time, we only did a cursory survey of the literature on the capital resources that go into AI developments in China. The pieces in the section are thus just a snapshot and it is quite likely that relevant publications have been overlooked.

Talent

For lack of time, we only did a cursory survey of the literature on AI talent in China. The pieces in the section are thus just a snapshot and it is quite likely that relevant publications have been overlooked.

  • The Global AI Talent Tracker 2.0, MacroPolo, 2024 (8 pages)
    • Uses data from the Neural Information Processing Systems conference (NeurIPS) to estimate top-tier AI talent flows between China, US, Europe, etc.
  • China Artificial Intelligence Talent Training Report, Zhejiang University and Baidu, translation by CSET, 2022 (79 pages)
    • White paper that examines shortcomings in China’s AI talent training. Urges closer university-enterprise cooperation.
  • China’s AI Workforce, CSET: Gelhaus et al, 2022 (60 pages)
    • Assesses China's AI workforce demands through a dataset of ~7M job postings.
  • China's quest for AI talent in Chinese Power and Artificial Intelligence, Emily Weinstein and Jeffrey Stoff, edited by William C. Hannas and Huey-Meei Chang, 2022 (book chapter, 16 pages)

Resources to follow

  • Concordia’s AI Safety in China newsletter
    • The AI Safety in China newsletter provides regular news and research updates on Technical safety and alignment research in China; China’s governance and policy efforts to reduce AI risk; and China’s positions on international AI governance.
  • 中国计算机学会通讯
    • The journal of the China Computer Federation, a leading academic publication for computer scientists. Important to gain a sense of leading intellectual thinking across various issues - e.g., 2nd issue of 2024 on compute
  • Defense AI and Arms Control Network, Centre for Long-term AI
    • This is a database of AI and military related material (policies, commentary, white papers) maintained by a leading think-tank within the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Center for Long-term AI is led by Yi Zeng, one of Time’s 100 AI leaders in 2023 and a signatory of both FLI and CAIS open letters.
  • MERICS
    • MERICS is a German-based think tank focused exclusively on China-related issues, analyzing and commenting on these with an eye to implications for Europe and Germany. Most relevant analyses on China x AI can be found in their Industrial Policy and Technology and Digital China topic pages.
  • Chinatalk - newsletter and podcast run by Jordan Schneider, a fellow at the Center for New American Security; features commentary by Jordan as well as by guest writers and speakers
  • Recode China AI - run by a Communications Manager at Baidu in the US
  • Chip Capitols Newsletter - written by Arrian Ebrahimi, a Yenching Scholar with experience in the semiconductor industry
  • BluePath Labs - for defense technology related analysis
  • Geotechnopolitics - Patrick Zhang, ex Chinese Foreign Ministry, writes about geopolitics and tech
  • Chinese tech news websites
    • Leiphone
    • 36Kr
  • Wechat Accounts (Note: it is not possible to “link” to Wechat accounts, but you can find them by simply searching for the names in Wechat. Some of these accounts may also have websites and you can find those on Google/Baidu)
    • General
      • AI 科技评论
        • Posts about AI research and the implementation of AI projects
      • 数据观
        • Posts content and industry information related to big data, blockchain, AI
      • 安远 AI
        • Concordia’s Chinese-language channel
    • Think-tanks
      • 清华大学人工智能国际治理研究院
        • Has a weekly newsletter on AI governance (AI治理周报) with several sections on government policy, enterprise news, international AI governance, etc.
      • 中国信通院 CAICT
        • A research institution under the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, regularly publishes white papers related to AI and other technologies
      • 可信 AI 评测
        • A WeChat account run by the CAICT, dedicated to evaluations of AI. They have been running model evaluations around trustworthiness for the past few years, and have also done model evaluations recently. These evaluations are done by a ‘national key laboratory’ under the MIIT, set up in 2017
    • AI lab accounts
      • 智谱AI
        • A leading AI startup that collaborates with Tsinghua University to produce ChatGLM
      • Moonshot AI
        • The startup behind KimiChat, one of the best performing Chinese LLMs
      • 瑞莱智慧RealAI
        • Another leading AI startup, with significant focus on AI security
      • 诺亚方舟实验室
        • Huawei’s Noah Ark Lab focused on AI research and development
      • 上海人工智能实验室
        • Shanghai AI Laboratory, an AI lab that publishes research on theories, technology, and ethics. Works with Sensetime on their InternLM model.
      • 阿里巴巴人工智能治理研究中心
        • Alibaba Artificial Intelligence Governance Laboratory, which focuses on over 200 AI applications in and outside of the Alibaba ecosystem
      • 腾讯研究院
      • 腾讯安全应急响应中心
        • Tencent Security Response Center, online platform for cooperation between Tencent security team and international researchers; WeChat account publishes reports on security, LLM capabilities, and security risks to LLMs
    • Semiconductor-focused
      • 半导体观察 (Semiconductor observatory)
        • More domestic-focused look at semiconductors
      • 全球半导体观察 (world semicon observatory)
        • Chinese perspectives on global semiconductors
      • 半导体材料行业分会（Semicon materials association)
        • Posts updates from forums and investment / project update announcements
  • Translation resources
    • Jeff Ding’s ChinAI newsletter and searchable archive
      • Translates AI- and China-related articles and documents from government departments, think tanks, traditional media, and newer forms of “self-media,” etc., aiming to disseminate a diverse discourse from the Chinese-language world to an English audience
    • The Center for Strategic Translation
      • Translates material “of strategic and historical value” and annotates them to contextualize the relevance of specific phrases, words and ideas
    • Interpret: China (CSIS)
      • Translates selected documents, and adds interpretation and contextualisation
      • Material covered: speeches, newspaper and academic articles, government and policy documents, and other primary source materials; selected “for relevance” by their analysts
    • China Law Translate
      • Translates key regulations
    • ETO Scout
      • Collects Chinese-language news and commentary on technology issues, lists them in a search-able database, provides short English summary and link to the original for each item, and offers to send customized updates on new releases via email
    • CSET Translations
      • Selects and translates documents (mostly Chinese state and Communist party sources, or sources from institutions with links to the Chinese state or Communist party)
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